Foreword / xii
About the Author / xiv
Introduction / xvi
Chapter 1 The Working Drawings / 1
The Role of the Drawings / 1
Design Development / 1
Organization of the Working Drawings / 2
Title Block / 4
Graphic Formats Used in Drawings / 5
Drawing Conventions / 7
Conclusion / 13
Chapter 2 Understanding the Specifications / 14
The Role of the Specifications / 14
Organizing Specifications by CSI MasterFormat / 15
The Project Manual / 19
Conflicts between Drawings and Specifications / 27
Modifications to the Contract Documents / 27
Conclusion / 30
Chapter 3 Calculating Linear Measure, Area, and Volume / 31
Units of Measure / 31
Decimal Equivalents / 31
Linear Measurement / 32
Angles / 33
Area and Square Measure / 34
Volume and Cubic Measure / 37
Conclusion / 39
Chapter 4 The Quantity Takeoff and Pricing / 41
Reviewing the Documents / 41
Beginning the Quantity Takeoff / 42
Rules to Follow for Accurate Takeoffs / 43
Accounting for Waste / 49
Other Factors That Affect Quantities / 50
The Unit Price Estimate / 55
Pricing the Quantities / 58
Submitting a Bid / 60
Conclusion / 60
Chapter 5 Understanding Material and Labor Costs / 61
Materials / 61
Labor / 62
Indirect Overhead / 67
Profit / 68
Conclusion / 68
Chapter 6 General Requirements / 69
Fixed and Variable Costs / 70
Identifying General Requirements Cost Items / 73
Applying Prices to General Requirements Items / 73
Conclusion / 74
Chapter 7 Existing Conditions / 75
Assessment / 75
Subsurface Investigation / 76
Demolition and Structure Moving / 77
Remediation / 81
Existing Condition Drawings / 87
Conclusion / 88
Chapter 8 Concrete / 89
Concrete Materials / 90
Ready-Mixed Concrete / 91
Formwork / 91
Flatwork / 100
Expansion Joints / 102
Control Joints / 103
Curing and Sealing / 104
Reinforcement / 105
Precast Concrete / 109
Cementitious Decks / 110
Embedded Items / 110
Vapor Barriers and Rigid Insulation / 112
Conclusion / 113
Chapter 9 Masonry / 114
Mortar / 115
Brick / 116
Concrete Masonry Units (CMU) / 126
Stone / 129
Masonry Reinforcement / 133
Grout / 136
Masonry Anchors and Ties / 138
Masonry Restoration / 139
Masonry Cleaning / 141
Masonry Insulation / 142
Flashings / 142
Cutting Masonry Units / 143
Items Furnished by Other Trades / 145
Control Joints / 145
Incidentals for Fireplace and Chimney Construction / 146
Freight of Masonry Units / 147
Staging and Scaffolding for Masonry Work / 148
Cleanup / 149
Masonry Sealing / 150
Conclusion / 150
Chapter 10 Metals / 151
Structural Steel / 151
Open-Web Steel Joists / 155
Metal Decking Structure / 159
Light-Gauge Metal Framing (LGMF) / 160
Studs and Track / 162
Miscellaneous and Ornamental Metals / 163
Miscellaneous Costs / 169
Conclusion / 172
Chapter 11 Wood, Plastics, and Composites / 173
Rough Carpentry and Framing / 174
Finish Carpentry / 196
Architectural Millwork / 198
Structural Plastics / 200
Casework and Cabinetry / 200
Conclusion / 203
Chapter 12 Thermal and Moisture Protection / 204
Waterproofing / 204
Dampproofing / 206
Insulation / 207
Vapor Barriers / 210
Air Infiltration Barriers / 211
Exterior Siding / 212
Roofing / 215
Fire-Stop Systems and Sprayed Fireproofing / 234
Expansion Joints / 236
Conclusion / 237
Chapter 13 Openings / 238
Architectural Drawings / 238
Hollow Metal Frames and Doors / 242
Wood Doors and Frames / 245
Sliding Glass Doors / 246
Special Doors / 249
General Notes on Estimating Doors / 252
Overhead and Coiling Doors / 252
Entrances and Storefronts / 253
Wood and Plastic Windows / 256
Metal Windows / 257
General Notes on Windows / 258
Roof Windows and Skylights / 259
Finish Hardware / 260
Glass and Glazing / 263
Louvers and Vents / 264
Conclusion / 265
Chapter 14 Finishes / 266
Plaster Systems / 267
Gypsum Wallboard Systems / 268
Gypsum Sheathing and Underlayments / 270
Metal Stud Framing and Furring / 271
Tile / 275
Waterproof Membrane for Tile / 279
Acoustical Ceiling Systems / 281
Flooring / 285
Acoustical Treatment / 292
Painting / 294
High-Performance Coatings / 297
Wallcoverings / 297
Green or Sustainable Products / 303
Conclusion / 304
Chapter 15 Specialties / 305
Interior Specialties / 305
Exterior Specialties / 306
Taking-off Quantities / 307
Conclusion / 308
Chapter 16 Equipment, Furnishings, Special Construction, and Conveying Equipment / 309
Division 11—Equipment / 309
Division 12—Furnishings / 313
Division 13—Special Construction / 319
Division 14—Conveying Equipment / 324
Conclusion / 330
Chapter 17 Fire Suppression / 331
Fire Suppression Systems / 332
Conclusion / 337
Chapter 18 Plumbing / 342
Plumbing Systems / 343
Conclusion / 358
Chapter 19 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) / 359
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems / 360
Conclusion / 374
Chapter 20 Integrated Automation / 376
Integrated Automation Systems / 376
Conclusion / 379
Chapter 21 Electrical Systems / 380
Electrical Labor / 382
Raceways / 382
Conductors and Grounding / 383
Wiring Devices and Boxes / 385
Starters, Boards, and Switches / 388
Lighting / 392
Emergency Lighting and Devices / 393
Equipment Hookups / 395
Miscellaneous Electrical Work / 397
Conclusion / 398
Chapter 22 Communications, Electronic Safety, and Security / 399
Communications and Electronic Safety and Security / 399
Labor / 406
Conclusion / 408
Chapter 23 Earthwork / 409
Civil Drawings / 409
Site Clearing/Site Preparation / 412
Excavation and Backfill / 414
Erosion and Sedimentation Control / 424
Shoring and Underpinning / 425
Special Foundations and Load-Bearing Elements / 427
Miscellaneous Considerations / 429
Conclusion / 429
Chapter 24 Exterior Improvements / 430
Civil Drawings / 430
Bases for Paving / 432
Flexible Paving / 433
Rigid Paving / 436
Curbs / 439
Paving/Parking Specialties / 441
Site Improvements / 443
Landscaping / 446
Labor for Exterior Improvements / 449
Miscellaneous Considerations / 449
Conclusion / 449
Chapter 25 Utilities / 450
Civil Drawings / 450
Water Utilities / 452
Water Supply Wells / 454
Sanitary Sewerage Utilities / 455
Storm Drainage Utilities / 460
Electrical/Communications Utilities / 466
Miscellaneous Considerations / 469
Conclusion / 469
Chapter 26 Profit and Contingencies / 470
Profit / 470
Contingencies / 475
Conclusion / 477
Chapter 27 Estimating by Computer / 478
Estimating Software / 479
Quantity Takeoff Software / 489
Project Overhead Summary Sheets / 489
Conclusion / 489
Chapter 28 Conceptual Estimating / 492
Conceptual Estimating / 492
Conclusion / 496
Index / 497